Home  ›  How to Read Standard Reduction Potential Table

How to Read Standard Reduction Potential Table

Written By Friday 4 March 2022 Add Comment Edit

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Wikimedia data page

The data values of standard electrode potentials (Due east°) are given in the table beneath, in volts relative to the standard hydrogen electrode, and are for the following conditions:

  • A temperature of 298.15 Yard (25.00 °C; 77.00 °F).
  • An effective concentration of 1 mol/L for each aqueous species or a species in a mercury amalgam (an alloy of mercury with another metal).
  • A partial force per unit area of 101.325 kPa (absolute) (ane atm, 1.01325 bar) for each gaseous reagent. This pressure level is used because about literature data are withal given for this value (i atm) rather than for the current standard of 100 kPa (one bar) before long considered in the standard state.
  • An activity of unity for each pure solid, pure liquid, or for water (solvent). The relation in electrode potential of metals in saltwater (every bit electrolyte) is given in the galvanic series.
  • Although many of the half cells are written for multiple-electron transfers, the tabulated potentials are for a single-electron transfer. All of the reactions should exist divided by the stoichiometric coefficient for the electron to get the corresponding corrected reaction equation. For example, the equation Fe2+ + 2 e − ⇌ Fe(due south) (–0.44 V) ways that it requires 2 × 0.44 eV = 0.88 eV of energy to exist captivated (hence the minus sign) in guild to create one neutral atom of Iron(due south) from i Fe2+ ion and ii electrons, or 0.44 eV per electron, which is 0.44 J/C of electrons, which is 0.44 V.
  • Later dividing by the number of electrons, the standard potential E° is related to the standard Gibbs free free energy of formation ΔGf° by:

    Due east = ∑ Δ G left − ∑ Δ Yard right F {\displaystyle East={\frac {\sum \Delta G_{\text{left}}-\sum \Delta G_{\text{right}}}{F}}}

    where F is the Faraday constant. For instance, in the equation Fe2+ + 2 eastward − ⇌ Fe(s) (–0.44 V) , the Gibbs free energy required to create ane neutral cantlet of Iron(s) from one Fe2+ ion and two electrons is ii × 0.44 eV = 0.88 eV, or 84 895 J/mol of electrons, which is just the Gibbs energy of formation of an Fe2+ ion, since the energies of formation of e − and Fe(s) are both nada.
The Nernst equation will then give potentials at concentrations, pressures, and temperatures other than standard.
  • Note that the table may lack consistency due to information from different sources. For example:
Cu +
+ e − ⇌ Cu(southward) (E
1 = +0.520 5)
Cuii+ + ii e − ⇌ Cu(s) (E
2 = +0.337 V)
Cu2+ + e − ⇌ Cu +
(E
3 = +0.159 5)
Calculating the potential using Gibbs free energy (E
3 = 2Due east
ii – E
1 ) gives the potential for E
3 as 0.154 V, not the experimental value of 0.159 V.

Tabular array of standard electrode potentials [edit]

Fable: (southward) – solid; (l) – liquid; (g) – gas; (aq) – aqueous (default for all charged species); (Hg) – amalgam; assuming – water electrolysis equations.

Chemical element Half-reaction E° / V Electrons Ref.
Oxidant ⇌ Reductant
& -nine
Zz 9
Sr Sr +
+ due east − 		⇌ Sr(s) -4.101 1 [1]
Ca Ca +
+ e − 		⇌ Ca(s) -iii.8 1 [1]
Th Th 4+
+ e − 		⇌ Th 3+
-three.half-dozen ane [2]
Pr Pr 3+
+ e − 		⇌ Pr 2+
-iii.1 i [1]
Northward iiiN
2 (g) + twoH+ + two eastward − 		⇌ 2HN
3 (aq) 		-3.09 ii [three] [4]
Li Li +
+ east − 		⇌ Li(s) -3.0401 one [4] [5]
N N
2 (thousand) + 4HiiO + 2 e − 		⇌ 2NH
2 OH(aq) + iiOH− 		-3.04 ii [3]
Cs Cs +
+ e − 		⇌ Cs(s) -3.026 ane [4]
Ca Ca(OH)
2 + 2 e − 		⇌ Ca(s) + 2OH− -iii.02 2 [one]
Er Er 3+
+ e − 		⇌ Er 2+
-3 1 [1]
Ba Ba(OH)
two + 2 e − 		⇌ Ba(s) + 2OH− -2.99 2 [1]
Rb Rb +
+ eastward − 		⇌ Rb(s) -2.98 1 [4]
G K +
+ east − 		⇌ K(southward) -2.931 one [4]
Ba Ba ii+
+ 2 e − 		⇌ Ba(s) -two.912 ii [4]
La La(OH)
3 (s) + 3 e − 		⇌ La(s) + iiiOH− -ii.9 3 [4]
Fr Fr +
+ due east − 		⇌ Fr(due south) -2.9 ane [1]
Sr Sr 2+
+ two due east − 		⇌ Sr(s) -2.899 2 [4]
Sr Sr(OH)
2 + 2 e − 		⇌ Sr(southward) + iiOH− -2.88 2 [1]
Ca Ca 2+
+ 2 eastward − 		⇌ Ca(south) -two.868 2 [iv] [5]
Li Li +
+ C
6 (s) + due east − 		⇌ LiC
6 (s) 		-two.84 1 [4]
Eu Eu 2+
+ 2 eastward − 		⇌ Eu(south) -ii.812 2 [4]
Ra Ra 2+
+ 2 e − 		⇌ Ra(south) -two.viii 2 [4]
Ho Ho 3+
+ east − 		⇌ Ho2+ -ii.8 1 [1]
Bk Bk iii+
+ e − 		⇌ Bk 2+
-2.eight 1 [1]
Yb Yb two+
+ 2 e − 		⇌ Yb(s) -ii.76 2 [1]
Na Na +
+ e − 		⇌ Na(s) -2.71 1 [iv] [6]
Mg Mg +
+ due east − 		⇌ Mg(s) -ii.7 1 [1]
Nd Nd 3+
+ eastward − 		⇌ Nd ii+
-2.seven ane [1]
Mg Mg(OH)
2 + 2 e − 		⇌ Mg(s) + twoOH− -2.69 2 [one]
Sm Sm 2+
+ two e − 		⇌ Sm(due south) -2.68 2 [1]
Exist Be
ii O 2−
three + 3H2O + four e − 		⇌ 2Be(s) + 6OH− -2.63 iv [ane]
Pm Pm 3+
+ e − 		⇌ Pm two+
-2.six ane [1]
Dy Dy 3+
+ e − 		⇌ Dy two+
-2.six one [1]
No No two+
+ 2 eastward − 		⇌ No -2.5 2 [one]
Hf HfO(OH)
2 + HiiO + 4 e − 		⇌ Hf(s) + fourOH− -ii.5 4 [one]
Thursday Th(OH)
4 + four east − 		⇌ Thursday(south) + 4OH− -ii.48 four [i]
Doc Md two+
+ two e − 		⇌ Md -2.4 2 [i]
Tm Tm 2+
+ 2 east − 		⇌ Tm(s) -2.4 2 [1]
La La 3+
+ 3 due east − 		⇌ La(due south) -2.379 3 [4]
Y Y 3+
+ iii e − 		⇌ Y(southward) -two.372 3 [4]
Mg Mg 2+
+ ii e − 		⇌ Mg(southward) -2.372 2 [4]
Zr ZrO(OH)
2 (southward) + H2O + 4 e − 		⇌ Zr(south) + 4OH− -2.36 four [4]
Pr Pr 3+
+ 3 e − 		⇌ Pr(s) -two.353 iii [1]
Ce Ce 3+
+ iii e − 		⇌ Ce(due south) -2.336 3 [1]
Er Er 3+
+ three e − 		⇌ Er(southward) -ii.331 3 [1]
Ho Ho 3+
+ 3 e − 		⇌ Ho(southward) -2.33 3 [i]
Al H
2 AlO −
3 + HtwoO + 3 e − 		⇌ Al(due south) + 4OH− -2.33 three [1]
Nd Nd 3+
+ iii e − 		⇌ Nd(s) -2.323 3 [1]
Tm Tm 3+
+ three due east − 		⇌ Tm(s) -2.319 3 [one]
Al Al(OH)
3 (s) + iii e − 		⇌ Al(s) + 3OH− -2.31 3
Sm Sm 3+
+ 3 east − 		⇌ Sm(due south) -2.304 three [1]
Fm Fmii+ + 2 due east − ⇌ Fm -2.3 2 [ane]
Am Am iii+
+ e − 		⇌ Am 2+
-2.3 one [1]
Dy Dy iii+
+ 3 due east − 		⇌ Dy(southward) -2.295 3 [ane]
Lu Lu iii+
+ 3 e − 		⇌ Lu(s) -2.28 3 [one]
Tb Tb 3+
+ iii e − 		⇌ Tb(southward) -2.28 3 [1]
Gd Gd 3+
+ three e − 		⇌ Gd(s) -2.279 three [i]
H H
2 (g) + 2 e − 		⇌ 2H −
-2.23 two [1]
Es Es ii+
+ 2 e − 		⇌ Es(s) -ii.23 2 [1]
Pm Pm 2+
+ 2 due east − 		⇌ Pm(s) -2.2 2 [i]
Tm Tm 3+
+ e − 		⇌ Tm2+ -2.ii 1 [i]
Dy Dy 2+
+ 2 eastward − 		⇌ Dy(s) -two.2 2 [1]
Ac Ac 3+
+ 3 e − 		⇌ Ac(s) -2.2 iii [1]
Yb Yb three+
+ three e − 		⇌ Yb(s) -2.19 iii [1]
Cf Cf 2+
+ 2 eastward − 		⇌ Cf(s) -2.12 ii [1]
Nd Nd 2+
+ 2 east − 		⇌ Nd(s) -2.1 2 [i]
Ho Ho ii+
+ 2 e − 		⇌ Ho(s) -2.i 2 [1]
Sc Sc three+
+ iii east − 		⇌ Sc(due south) -2.077 3 [7]
Al AlF 3−
6 + 3 e − 		⇌ Al(s) + viF −
-2.069 3 [1]
Am Am 3+
+ three e − 		⇌ Am(s) -ii.048 3 [ane]
Cm Cm 3+
+ 3 e − 		⇌ Cm(s) -ii.04 3 [1]
Pu Pu 3+
+ three e − 		⇌ Pu(due south) -2.031 3 [1]
Pr Pr 2+
+ 2 e − 		⇌ Pr(s) -2 ii [1]
Er Er 2+
+ two due east − 		⇌ Er(s) -2 2 [1]
Eu Eu 3+
+ 3 due east − 		⇌ European union(s) -i.991 3 [1]
Lr Lr 3+
+ 3 e − 		⇌ Lr -one.96 3 [1]
Cf Cf iii+
+ 3 e − 		⇌ Cf(s) -1.94 iii [1]
Es Es 3+
+ iii e − 		⇌ Es(s) -i.91 iii [one]
Pa Pa 4+
+ east − 		⇌ Pa three+
-ane.9 1 [1]
Am Am 2+
+ ii due east − 		⇌ Am(s) -1.nine 2 [ane]
Th Thursday 4+
+ four e − 		⇌ Th(south) -1.899 4 [i]
Fm Fm 3+
+ 3 e − 		⇌ Fm -ane.89 3 [ane]
Np Np three+
+ 3 eastward − 		⇌ Np(due south) -1.856 3 [one]
Be Exist two+
+ 2 due east − 		⇌ Exist(southward) -1.847 2 [ane]
P H
two PO −
ii + e − 		⇌ P(s) + 2OH− -1.82 1 [1]
U U 3+
+ 3 e − 		⇌ U(southward) -1.798 3 [1]
Sr Sr two+
+ ii e − 		⇌ Sr(Hg) -1.793 2 [1]
B H
2 BO −
3 + HiiO + 3 eastward − 		⇌ B(s) + 4OH− -1.79 3 [1]
Thursday ThO
2 + 4H+ + four e − 		⇌ Th(s) + iiH2O -ane.789 iv [1]
Hf HfO 2+
+ iiH+ + four eastward − 		⇌ Hf(s) + HtwoO -1.724 four [1]
P HPO two−
iii + 2HtwoO + 3 e − 		⇌ P(s) + 5OH− -one.71 3 [1]
Si SiO ii−
3 + iiiH2O + 4 e − 		⇌ Si(s) + 6OH− -1.697 iv [one]
Al Al 3+
+ 3 east − 		⇌ Al(s) -1.662 three [1]
Ti Ti 2+
+ ii e − 		⇌ Ti(southward) -1.63 two [half-dozen]
Zr ZrO
2 (s) + 4H+ + 4 e − 		⇌ Zr(s) + 2H2O -1.553 4 [8]
Zr Zr 4+
+ iv due east − 		⇌ Zr(southward) -1.45 4 [8]
Ti Ti 3+
+ 3 e − 		⇌ Ti(s) -1.37 3 [9]
Ti TiO(southward) + twoH+ + 2 e − ⇌ Ti(due south) + H2O -one.31 ii
Ti Ti
2 O
three (southward) + 2H+ + 2 e − 		⇌ 2TiO(s) + H2O -ane.23 2
Zn Zn(OH) ii−
4 + 2 e − 		⇌ Zn(s) + fourOH− -1.199 2 [8]
Mn Mn ii+
+ 2 eastward − 		⇌ Mn(south) -1.185 ii [8]
Iron Fe(CN) 4−
6 + 6H+ + ii e − 		⇌ Fe(s) + 6HCN(aq) -i.xvi 2 [10]
Te Te(s) + ii e − ⇌ Te ii−
-1.143 2 [xi]
V V 2+
+ 2 e − 		⇌ V(s) -1.13 2 [11]
Nb Nb 3+
+ 3 east − 		⇌ Nb(s) -1.099 three
Sn Sn(s) + 4H+ + 4 e − ⇌ SnH
iv (g) 		-one.07 four
Ti TiO 2+
+ 2H+ + 4 e − 		⇌ Ti(southward) + HiiO -0.93 4
Si SiO
two (s) + ivH+ + 4 east − 		⇌ Si(s) + 2H2O -0.91 4
B B(OH)
iii (aq) + 3H+ + three e − 		⇌ B(due south) + 3H2O -0.89 3
Fe Fe(OH)
2 (s) + ii east − 		⇌ Fe(s) + 2OH− -0.89 2 [10]
Atomic number 26 Atomic number 26
2 O
3 (s) + 3HtwoO + 2 e − 		⇌ 2Fe(OH)
2 (s) + 2OH− 		-0.86 2 [10]
H 2H2O + 2 due east − ⇌ H
two (1000) + 2OH− 		-0.8277 2 [eight]
Bi Bi(s) + 3H+ + 3 east − ⇌ BiH
3 		-0.8 3 [viii]
Zn Zn 2+
+ ii e − 		⇌ Zn(Hg) -0.7628 ii [8]
Zn Zn two+
+ 2 e − 		⇌ Zn(southward) -0.7618 two [eight]
Ta Ta
2 O
five (s) + tenH+ + 10 e − 		⇌ 2Ta(s) + 5H2O -0.75 10
Cr Cr 3+
+ 3 e − 		⇌ Cr(s) -0.74 3
Ni Ni(OH)
2 (due south) + ii e − 		⇌ Ni(s) + 2OH− -0.72 2 [1]
Ag Ag
2 S(s) + 2 e − 		⇌ 2Ag(s) + S two−
(aq) 		-0.69 2
Au [Au(CN)
2 ] −
+ e − 		⇌ Au(s) + 2CN −
-0.6 one
Ta Ta 3+
+ 3 e − 		⇌ Ta(s) -0.6 iii
Pb PbO(s) + H2O + 2 due east − ⇌ Pb(s) + 2OH− -0.58 2
Ti 2TiO
2 (southward) + 2H+ + ii e − 		⇌ Ti
2 O
3 (s) + H2O 		-0.56 2
Ga Ga iii+
+ 3 e − 		⇌ Ga(s) -0.53 3
U U iv+
+ east − 		⇌ U three+
-0.52 1 [12]
P H
3 PO
2 (aq) + H+ + e − 		⇌ P(white)[note 1] + 2H2O -0.508 ane [8]
P H
3 PO
iii (aq) + 2H+ + 2 east − 		⇌ H
iii PO
two (aq) + H2O 		-0.499 2 [8]
Ni NiO
2 (south) + iiH2O + 2 e − 		⇌ Ni(OH)
2 (s) + twoOH− 		-0.49 2 [1]
P H
three PO
3 (aq) + 3H+ + 3 e − 		⇌ P(red)[note ane] + 3HtwoO -0.454 3 [8]
Cu Cu(CN) −
2 + e − 		⇌ Cu(south) + 2CN −
-0.44 1 [11]
Fe Atomic number 26 2+
+ 2 due east − 		⇌ Fe(s) -0.44 2 [half dozen]
C 2CO
ii (chiliad) + 2H+ + 2 e − 		⇌ HOOCCOOH(aq) -0.43 ii
Cr Cr 3+
+ e − 		⇌ Cr 2+
-0.42 1
Cd Cd two+
+ 2 e − 		⇌ Cd(s) -0.four 2 [six]
Ge GeO
2 (s) + 2H+ + 2 east − 		⇌ GeO(s) + H2O -0.37 2
Cu Cu
2 O(s) + HtwoO + 2 e − 		⇌ 2Cu(south) + iiOH− -0.36 2 [8]
Pb PbSO
4 (southward) + 2 e − 		⇌ Lead(due south) + Then 2−
iv 		-0.3588 2 [8]
Atomic number 82 PbSO
iv (southward) + ii eastward − 		⇌ Pb(Hg) + And so 2−
four 		-0.3505 2 [viii]
Eu Eu 3+
+ east − 		⇌ Eu 2+
-0.35 1 [12]
In In iii+
+ 3 e − 		⇌ In(s) -0.34 three [11]
Tl Tl +
+ e − 		⇌ Tl(s) -0.34 i [11]
Ge Ge(s) + 4H+ + 4 e − ⇌ GeH
four (g) 		-0.29 four
Co Co ii+
+ 2 due east − 		⇌ Co(south) -0.28 2 [eight]
P H
3 PO
4 (aq) + 2H+ + 2 e − 		⇌ H
3 PO
3 (aq) + HtwoO 		-0.276 ii [8]
V V 3+
+ e − 		⇌ V ii+
-0.26 one [six]
Ni Ni ii+
+ two e − 		⇌ Ni(s) -0.25 2
As As(s) + 3H+ + three e − ⇌ AsH
3 (g) 		-0.23 3 [11]
Ag AgI(s) + due east − ⇌ Ag(s) + I −
-0.15224 1 [8]
Mo MoO
2 (south) + 4H+ + iv east − 		⇌ Mo(s) + twoHiiO -0.15 four
Si Si(south) + fourH+ + 4 e − ⇌ SiH
4 (g) 		-0.14 four
Sn Sn 2+
+ ii e − 		⇌ Sn(s) -0.13 two
O O
2 (g) + H+ + due east − 		⇌ HO •
2 (aq) 		-0.13 1
Atomic number 82 Pb two+
+ two e − 		⇌ Pb(s) -0.126 2 [6]
W WO
2 (south) + 4H+ + 4 east − 		⇌ W(due south) + 2H2O -0.12 four
P P(ruby) + 3H+ + 3 east − ⇌ PH
3 (g) 		-0.111 3 [8]
C CO
2 (1000) + 2H+ + 2 e − 		⇌ HCOOH(aq) -0.eleven two
Se Se(s) + 2H+ + two e − ⇌ H
2 Se(g) 		-0.11 2
C CO
2 (chiliad) + 2H+ + ii e − 		⇌ CO(g) + HiiO -0.11 2
Cu Cu(NH
3 ) +
two + eastward − 		⇌ Cu(s) + 2NH
iii (aq) 		-0.one one [11]
Sn SnO(southward) + 2H+ + 2 e − ⇌ Sn(s) + HtwoO -0.1 2
Sn SnO
2 (s) + 2H+ + 2 e − 		⇌ SnO(due south) + H2O -0.09 2
Due west WO
3 (aq) + 6H+ + 6 e − 		⇌ Westward(south) + iiiH2O -0.09 6 [11]
Fe Fe
3 O
4 (s) + viiiH+ + 8 due east − 		⇌ 3Fe(southward) + 4H2O -0.085 8 [13]
P P(white) + 3H+ + 3 e − ⇌ PH
iii (g) 		-0.063 3 [8]
Iron Fe iii+
+ 3 e − 		⇌ Fe(s) -0.04 3 [ten]
C HCOOH(aq) + 2H+ + 2 due east − ⇌ HCHO(aq) + H2O -0.03 2
H twoH+ + 2 eastward − ⇌ H
ii (m) 		0 2
Ag AgBr(s) + e − ⇌ Ag(s) + Br −
0.07133 one [8]
Due south South
4 O 2−
6 + two e − 		⇌ 2South
2 O 2−
iii 		0.08 2
Due north Due north
ii (g) + 2H2O + sixH+ + vi due east − 		⇌ 2NH
iv OH(aq) 		0.092 6
Hg HgO(s) + H2O + 2 due east − ⇌ Hg(l) + 2OH− 0.0977 2
Cu Cu(NH
iii ) 2+
4 + e − 		⇌ Cu(NH
3 ) +
2 + 2NH
iii (aq) 		0.1 1 [xi]
Ru Ru(NH
3 ) iii+
6 + e − 		⇌ Ru(NH
3 ) 2+
six 		0.1 ane [12]
N Northward
2 H
4 (aq) + fourH2O + 2 eastward − 		⇌ 2NH +
iv + 4OH− 		0.11 2 [3]
Mo H
2 MoO
4 (aq) + 6H+ + half-dozen e − 		⇌ Mo(due south) + 4HiiO 0.11 vi
Ge Ge 4+
+ iv east − 		⇌ Ge(s) 0.12 4
C C(s) + 4H+ + four e − ⇌ CH
4 (g) 		0.13 4 [eleven]
C HCHO(aq) + twoH+ + 2 e − ⇌ CH
3 OH(aq) 		0.thirteen 2
S S(due south) + 2H+ + two e − ⇌ H
2 South(g) 		0.14 2
Sn Sn 4+
+ 2 due east − 		⇌ Sn 2+
0.15 2
Cu Cu 2+
+ due east − 		⇌ Cu +
0.159 ane [eleven]
Southward HSO −
4 + threeH+ + 2 e − 		⇌ Then
2 (aq) + 2H2O 		0.16 two
U UO two+
2 + e − 		⇌ UO +
2 		0.163 1 [12]
Southward SO 2−
4 + 4H+ + two e − 		⇌ SO
2 (aq) + 2HiiO 		0.17 2
Ti TiO 2+
+ 2H+ + e − 		⇌ Ti iii+
+ H2O 		0.nineteen 1
Sb SbO +
+ twoH+ + 3 eastward − 		⇌ Sb(south) + H2O 0.two iii
Atomic number 26 iiiAtomic number 26
2 O
iii (s) + twoH+ + 2 e − 		⇌ 2Atomic number 26
three O
4 (south) + H2O 		0.22 2 [14] : p.100
Ag AgCl(s) + east − ⇌ Ag(south) + Cl −
0.22233 ane [8]
Equally H
3 AsO
3 (aq) + 3H+ + 3 e − 		⇌ As(s) + iiiH2O 0.24 iii
Ru Ru 3+
(aq) + eastward − 		⇌ Ru ii+
(aq) 		0.249 1 [15]
Ge GeO(s) + 2H+ + two e − ⇌ Ge(s) + H2O 0.26 2
U UO +
two + 4H+ + e − 		⇌ U iv+
+ 2H2O 		0.273 1 [12]
Re Re three+
+ 3 eastward − 		⇌ Re(s) 0.iii 3
Bi Bi three+
+ 3 e − 		⇌ Bi(s) 0.308 three [8]
Cu Cu 2+
+ 2 e − 		⇌ Cu(s) 0.337 2 [eleven]
V [VO] 2+
+ twoH+ + e − 		⇌ V 3+
+ HtwoO 		0.34 ane
Atomic number 26 [Iron(CN)
six ] 3−
+ eastward − 		⇌ [Fe(CN)
six ] four−
0.3704 1 [16]
Fe Fc +
+ eastward − 		⇌ Fc(due south) 0.4 1 [17]
O O
two (g) + twoH2O + four eastward − 		⇌ 4OH−(aq) 0.401 4 [6]
Mo H
2 MoO
iv + half dozenH+ + three e − 		⇌ Mo 3+
+ ivH2O 		0.43 three
Ru Ru two+
(aq) + 2 due east − 		⇌ Ru 0.455 two [15]
C CH
3 OH(aq) + 2H+ + two e − 		⇌ CH
4 (g) + H2O 		0.5 2
Southward Then
2 (aq) + 4H+ + four due east − 		⇌ S(s) + 2H2O 0.5 iv
Cu Cu +
+ e − 		⇌ Cu(s) 0.52 ane [eleven]
C CO(thou) + 2H+ + 2 e − ⇌ C(due south) + H2O 0.52 ii
I I −
3 + 2 east − 		⇌ iiiI −
0.53 2 [6]
I I
ii (south) + 2 eastward − 		⇌ 2I −
0.54 2 [6]
Au [AuI
4 ] −
+ 3 eastward − 		⇌ Au(due south) + 4I −
0.56 3
As H
3 AsO
4 (aq) + 2H+ + 2 e − 		⇌ H
3 AsO
3 (aq) + H2O 		0.56 2
Au [AuI
2 ] −
+ e − 		⇌ Au(s) + 2I −
0.58 1
Mn MnO −
iv + 2H2O + 3 e − 		⇌ MnO
two (s) + fourOH− 		0.595 3 [one]
Southward Southward
two O 2−
3 + half dozenH+ + 4 e − 		⇌ 2S(due south) + iiiH2O 0.half-dozen iv
Mo H
2 MoO
iv (aq) + 2H+ + ii e − 		⇌ MoO
2 (southward) + twoHtwoO 		0.65 ii
C 1,4-Benzochinon.svg + iiH+ + two due east − ⇌ Hydrochinon2.svg 0.6992 2 [8]
O O
2 (one thousand) + iiH+ + 2 e − 		⇌ H
2 O
2 (aq) 		0.7 two
Tl Tl 3+
+ 3 due east − 		⇌ Tl(s) 0.72 three
Pt PtCl 2−
6 + two due east − 		⇌ PtCl 2−
4 + 2Cl −
0.726 2 [12]
Iron Iron
2 O
iii (due south) + sixH+ + two east − 		⇌ 2Fe ii+
+ iiiH2O 		0.728 ii [14] : p.100
Se H
2 SeO
3 (aq) + ivH+ + four eastward − 		⇌ Se(s) + 3H2O 0.74 4
Pt PtCl 2−
4 + two eastward − 		⇌ Pt(s) + fourCl −
0.758 2 [12]
Fe Fe 3+
+ e − 		⇌ Atomic number 26 2+
0.77 one
Ag Ag +
+ e − 		⇌ Ag(s) 0.7996 one [8]
Hg Hg 2+
two + two due east − 		⇌ 2Hg(l) 0.viii 2
N NO −
iii (aq) + 2H+ + e − 		⇌ NO
2 (g) + HiiO 		0.eight i
Fe 2FeO 2−
four + vHiiO + half dozen e − 		⇌ Fe
2 O
3 (s) + 10OH− 		0.81 6 [x]
Au [AuBr
4 ] −
+ 3 e − 		⇌ Au(s) + 4Br −
0.85 iii
Hg Hg ii+
+ 2 e − 		⇌ Hg(l) 0.85 2
Ir [IrCl
6 ] 2−
+ e − 		⇌ [IrCl
six ] 3−
0.87 one [five]
Mn MnO −
four + H+ + due east − 		⇌ HMnO −
iv 		0.ix 1
Hg twoHg two+
+ two east − 		⇌ Hg 2+
ii 		0.91 2 [eleven]
Pd Pd 2+
+ 2 e − 		⇌ Pd(s) 0.915 ii [12]
Au [AuCl
4 ] −
+ 3 e − 		⇌ Au(s) + 4Cl −
0.93 3
Mn MnO
2 (s) + 4H+ + e − 		⇌ Mn 3+
+ 2HtwoO 		0.95 1
N NO −
three (aq) + 4H+ + 3 e − 		⇌ NO(g) + 2HiiO(l) 0.958 3 [6]
Au [AuBr
2 ] −
+ e − 		⇌ Au(southward) + iiBr −
0.96 1
Fe Fe
3 O
4 (s) + 8H+ + 2 e − 		⇌ iiiFe 2+
+ fourHtwoO 		0.98 two [14] : p.100
Xe [HXeO
half-dozen ] 3−
+ twoHiiO + ii eastward − 		⇌ [HXeO
iv ] −
+ 4OH− 		0.99 2 [18]
5 [VO
2 ] +
(aq) + twoH+ + e − 		⇌ [VO] 2+
(aq) + HtwoO 		i one [xix]
Te H
6 TeO
6 (aq) + 2H+ + 2 e − 		⇌ TeO
2 (s) + 4HiiO 		one.02 2 [xix]
Br Br
2 (l) + 2 e − 		⇌ 2Br −
1.066 2 [8]
Br Br
ii (aq) + 2 e − 		⇌ 2Br −
1.0873 ii [viii]
Ru RuO
2 + 4H+ + 2 e − 		⇌ Ru two+
(aq) + twoHtwoO 		1.120 2 [15]
Cu Cu two+
+ 2CN −
+ e − 		⇌ Cu(CN) −
2 		1.12 1 [11]
I IO −
3 + 5H+ + iv due east − 		⇌ HIO(aq) + iiHiiO 1.xiii 4
Au [AuCl
2 ] −
+ e − 		⇌ Au(due south) + 2Cl −
one.15 1
Se HSeO −
iv + 3H+ + 2 east − 		⇌ H
two SeO
3 (aq) + HiiO 		i.15 2
Ag Ag
2 O(s) + 2H+ + 2 east − 		⇌ 2Ag(southward) + H2O 1.17 2
Cl ClO −
3 + twoH+ + due east − 		⇌ ClO
2 (thousand) + H2O 		i.18 1
Xe [HXeO
6 ] 3−
+ 5H2O + 8 due east − 		⇌ Xe(1000) + xiOH− 1.18 8 [eighteen]
Pt Pt ii+
+ 2 e − 		⇌ Pt(s) 1.188 2 [12]
Cl ClO
2 (g) + H+ + eastward − 		⇌ HClO
2 (aq) 		one.19 1
I 2IO −
3 + 12H+ + ten e − 		⇌ I
2 (southward) + 6HiiO 		1.2 10
Cl ClO −
4 + 2H+ + ii eastward − 		⇌ ClO −
three + HtwoO 		1.2 two
Mn MnO
ii (due south) + 4H+ + 2 east − 		⇌ Mn 2+
+ 2H2O 		1.224 2 [eight]
O O
2 (g) + 4H+ + 4 due east − 		⇌ iiH2O 1.229 iv [vi]
Ru [Ru(bipy)
3 ] 3+
+ due east − 		⇌ [Ru(bipy)
three ] ii+
1.24 1 [one]
Xe [HXeO
4 ] −
+ 3H2O + vi e − 		⇌ Xe(grand) + viiOH− ane.24 6 [18]
Tl Tl iii+
+ two due east − 		⇌ Tl +
one.25 ii
Cr Cr
two O 2−
vii + 14H+ + 6 e − 		⇌ iiCr 3+
+ sevenH2O 		1.33 half dozen
Cl Cl
2 (grand) + 2 due east − 		⇌ 2Cl −
1.36 2 [half-dozen]
Ru RuO −
4 (aq) + 8H+ + v eastward − 		⇌ Ru ii+
(aq) + 4H2O 		one.368 five [xv]
Ru RuO
4 + 4H+ + 4 east − 		⇌ RuO
ii + twoH2O 		1.387 4 [15]
Co CoO
2 (southward) + ivH+ + e − 		⇌ Co 3+
+ 2HiiO 		1.42 ane
N 2NH
3 OH +
+ H+ + 2 e − 		⇌ N
two H +
5 + 2H2O 		1.42 two [three]
I 2HIO(aq) + 2H+ + 2 e − ⇌ I
ii (s) + 2H2O 		1.44 ii
Br BrO −
3 + 5H+ + four e − 		⇌ HBrO(aq) + twoHiiO 1.45 iv
Atomic number 82 β-PbO
2 (s) + 4H+ + 2 e − 		⇌ Pb 2+
+ 2H2O 		one.46 ii [11]
Pb α-PbO
2 (s) + fourH+ + 2 due east − 		⇌ Pb 2+
+ 2H2O 		i.468 2 [11]
Br twoBrO −
3 + 12H+ + 10 due east − 		⇌ Br
two (l) + 6HiiO 		one.48 10
Cl iiClO −
3 + 12H+ + 10 e − 		⇌ Cl
two (thousand) + sixHtwoO 		i.49 10
Cl HClO(aq) + H+ + 2 due east − ⇌ Cl −
(aq) + HiiO 		1.49 two [1]
Mn MnO −
4 + 8H+ + 5 e − 		⇌ Mn 2+
+ 4H2O 		1.51 five
O HO •
2 + H+ + e − 		⇌ H
2 O
2 (aq) 		1.51 1
Au Au 3+
+ 3 e − 		⇌ Au(due south) 1.52 3
Ru RuO 2−
iv (aq) + 8H+ + iv east − 		⇌ Ru 2+
(aq) + 4H2O 		1.563 4 [fifteen]
Ni NiO
2 (s) + 2H+ + 2 due east − 		⇌ Ni two+
+ 2OH− 		1.59 2
Ce Ce 4+
+ e − 		⇌ Ce 3+
one.61 1
Cl 2HClO(aq) + iiH+ + 2 e − ⇌ Cl
2 (yard) + iiH2O 		1.63 ii
Ag Ag
2 O
3 (s) + 6H+ + 4 e − 		⇌ 2Ag +
+ 3H2O 		1.67 iv
Cl HClO
two (aq) + twoH+ + two e − 		⇌ HClO(aq) + H2O 1.67 2
Pb Pb 4+
+ two e − 		⇌ Pb 2+
1.69 2 [11]
Mn MnO −
4 + 4H+ + three eastward − 		⇌ MnO
2 (s) + 2H2O 		one.seven 3
Ag Ago(s) + iiH+ + e − ⇌ Ag +
+ H2O 		1.77 one
O H
two O
2 (aq) + twoH+ + 2 e − 		⇌ 2H2O 1.78 ii
Co Co 3+
+ e − 		⇌ Co two+
1.82 i
Au Au +
+ e − 		⇌ Au(due south) 1.83 1 [11]
Br BrO −
4 + 2H+ + 2 e − 		⇌ BrO −
3 + H2O 		i.85 two
Ag Ag 2+
+ e − 		⇌ Ag +
1.98 1 [xi]
O S
ii O ii−
eight + 2 e − 		⇌ 2SO two−
4 		2.01 2 [viii]
O O
3 (thou) + 2H+ + 2 east − 		⇌ O
2 (g) + HiiO 		2.075 2 [12]
Mn HMnO −
4 + 3H+ + ii e − 		⇌ MnO
2 (s) + twoH2O 		2.09 2
Xe XeO
3 (aq) + 6H+ + 6 e − 		⇌ Xe(thou) + 3H2O 2.12 six [18]
Xe H
iv XeO
6 (aq) + viiiH+ + 8 e − 		⇌ Xe(g) + 6H2O ii.18 eight [18]
Atomic number 26 FeO ii−
4 + 8H+ + 3 e − 		⇌ Fe 3+
+ 4HiiO 		2.2 3 [20]
Xe XeF
2 (aq) + iiH+ + two e − 		⇌ Xe(g) + 2HF(aq) ii.32 2 [xviii]
Xe H
four XeO
6 (aq) + 2H+ + ii e − 		⇌ XeO
3 (aq) + threeH2O 		2.42 2 [18]
F F
2 (m) + two eastward − 		⇌ 2F −
two.87 ii [five] [6] [eleven]
F F
ii (g) + 2H+ + two e − 		⇌ 2HF(aq) 3.05 2 [11]
Tb Tb4+ + e– ⇌ Tb3+ 3.1 1
Pr Pr4+ + e– ⇌ Pr3+ three.2 1 [21]
Kr KrF
2 (aq) + 2 e − 		⇌ Kr(1000) + 2F −
(aq) 		3.27 2 [22]

Run across also [edit]

  • Standard credible reduction potentials in biochemistry at pH vii
  • Standard state

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ a b Not specified in the indicated reference, just assumed due to the difference between the value −0.454 and that computed by (2×(−0.499) + (−0.508))/3 = −0.502, exactly matching the departure between the values for white (−0.063) and red (−0.111) phosphorus in equilibrium with PH3.

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f grand h i j chiliad l m n o p q r s t u v west 10 y z aa ab air conditioning ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN0-8493-0487-3.
  2. ^ Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1263
  3. ^ a b c d Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (second ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN978-0-08-037941-8.
  4. ^ a b c d eastward f g h i j k l m n o p q Vanýsek, Petr (2011). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. v–80–9. ISBN978-1-4398-5512-6.
  5. ^ a b c d Atkins, Peter (2010). Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). W. H. Freeman. p. 153. ISBN978-1-42-921820-7.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l g Atkins, Peter W. (1997). Concrete Chemistry (sixth ed.). West.H. Freeman. ISBN9780716734659.
  7. ^ David R. Lide, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Internet Version 2005, http://www.hbcpnetbase.com Archived 2017-07-24 at the Wayback Machine, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005.
  8. ^ a b c d eastward f g h i j one thousand l grand n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Vanýsek, Petr (2012). "Electrochemical Series". In Haynes, William M. (ed.). Handbook of Chemical science and Physics (93rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–80. ISBN9781439880494.
  9. ^ Aylward, Gordon; Findlay, Tristan (2008). SI Chemic Data (6th ed.). Wiley. ISBN978-0-470-81638-7.
  10. ^ a b c d e "compounds information". Iron. WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r southward t u v Bard, Allen J.; Parsons, Roger; Jordan, Joseph (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution. CRC Printing. ISBN978-0-8247-7291-8.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. (2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications (2d ed.). Wiley. ISBN9781118312803.
  13. ^ Pourbaix, Marcel (1966). Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions. Houston, Texas; Cebelcor, Brussels: NACE International. OCLC 475102548.
  14. ^ a b c Pang, Suh Cem; Chin, Suk Fun; Anderson, Marc A. (July 2007). "Redox equilibria of iron oxides in aqueous-based magnetite dispersions: Upshot of pH and redox potential". J. Colloid Interface Sci. 311 (i): 94–101. Bibcode:2007JCIS..311...94P. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2007.02.058. PMID 17395194. Retrieved 2017-03-26 .
  15. ^ a b c d east f Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1077
  16. ^ Rock, Peter A. (February 1966). "The Standard Oxidation Potential of the Ferrocyanide-Ferricyanide Electrode at 25° and the Entropy of Ferrocyanide Ion". The Journal of Concrete Chemistry. 70 (2): 576–580. doi:10.1021/j100874a042. ISSN 0022-3654.
  17. ^ Connelly, Neil Yard.; Geiger, William Due east. (1 January 1996). "Chemic Redox Agents for Organometallic Chemistry". Chemical Reviews. 96 (2): 877–910. doi:10.1021/cr940053x. PMID 11848774.
  18. ^ a b c d due east f g "compounds data". Xenon. WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements.
  19. ^ a b Cotton fiber, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred (1999), Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (6th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, ISBN0-471-19957-5 .
  20. ^ Courtney, Arlene. "Oxidation Reduction Chemistry of the Elements". Ch 412 Avant-garde Inorganic Chemical science: Reading Materials. Western Oregon University.
  21. ^ Petr Vanysek. "Electrochemical series" (PDF). depa.fquim.unam.mx. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
  22. ^ Leszczyński, P.J.; Grochala, W. (2013). "Strong Cationic Oxidizers: Thermal Decomposition, Electronic Structure and Magnetism of Their Compounds" (PDF). Acta Chim. Slov. 60 (iii): 455–470. PMID 24169699.

External links [edit]

  • Chemical science LibreTexts (2021-04-26). "P1: Standard Reduction Potentials by Element". Chemical science LibreTexts . Retrieved 2021-eleven-30 .
  • California State University, Northridge (CSUN). "Standard Reduction Potentials" (PDF). csun.edu . Retrieved 2021-11-xxx .
  • Bratsch, Steven Chiliad. (1989). "Standard electrode potentials and temperature coefficients in water at 298.fifteen Yard" (PDF). nist.gov . Retrieved 2021-11-30 .
  • Wardman, Peter (1989). "Reduction potentials of one-electron couples involving free radicals in aqueous solution" (PDF). srd.nist.gov . Retrieved 2021-11-thirty .
  • http://www.jesuitnola.org/upload/clark/Refs/red_pot.htm Archived 2008-07-20 at the Wayback Motorcar
  • https://spider web.archive.org/web/20150924015049/http://www.fptl.ru/biblioteka/spravo4niki/handbook-of-Chemical science-and-Physics.pdf
  • http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/tables/electpot.html#c1

markusparienve1993.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_electrode_potential_(data_page)

0 Response to "How to Read Standard Reduction Potential Table"

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel